Unknown until geographical discoveries; but today's Australia, which is imagined as terra australis incognita "unknown southern lands" in the western world, has a deep-rooted history and culture that goes back to much earlier than the colonial period. It is thought that Aborigines, the indigenous peoples of the island-continent, descended from the common ancestors of all humanity, settled in these lands as a result of thousands of years of migration adventure and preserved the world's oldest culture. It is also assumed that the Australian continent contains the purest form of products that emerge from the interaction of climate, geography and human phenomena throughout its history. The subject of our research is the possible ancestors of Aboriginals based on gene researches; possible migration routes; the ancient culture they built; elements of belief and the factors that affect their social lives in Australia.